Gukemura ikibazo cya Gridlock: Amahirwe yo gutanga amashanyarazi muri Amerika

Muri iki gihe, ikoranabuhanga rihura n'imbogamizi zikomeye ku ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa muri Amerika buracyari buke.

Ubusabe bw'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bwariyongereye mu myaka ya vuba aha (Imurikagurisha rya 2), bituma igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bimara igihe kirekire (Imurikagurisha rya 3) n'ibiciro byazamutse (Imurikagurisha rya 4). Urugero, ikiguzi cy'insinga zo gukoresha insinga z'amashanyarazi cyariyongereye. yikubye kabiri kuva mu 2019, kandi ibiciro bya transformer y'amashanyarazi byiyongereyeho hafi 75%. Izamuka ry'ibiciro by'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi rishobora kugira ingaruka ku ikiguzi cy'amashanyarazi ku bacuruzi n'abaguzi bo mu ngo. Dukurikije isesengura Biturutse muri Laboratwari y’Igihugu ya Lawrence Berkeley, amafaranga akoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa, yagizweho ingaruka n’imbogamizi mu ruhererekane rw’ibikoresho, yagize uruhare mu kwiyongera kwa fagitire z’amashanyarazi z’abaguzi mu minsi ishize.

Imurikagurisha rya 2

Nubwo hari intambwe ishimishije, hakenewe ibindi bikorwa kugira ngo urusobe rw'amashanyarazi muri Amerika rukomeze kubungabungwa.

Inganda zitangiye guhangana n’ibura ry’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, aho hamaze kumenyeshwa byinshi ku bijyanye n’ubushobozi bushya cyangwa bwagutse bw’umusaruro muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Urugero, Hitachi Energy yatangaje ko Ishoramari rya miliyari imwe y'amadolari mu gukora ibikoresho bya transformer na grid hamwe n'uruganda rushya muri Virijiniya, kandi Siemens Energy irateganya ubushobozi bushya bwa transfoma muri Amerika bitarenze 2027.Icyo Amasezerano y'Ubuyapani n'Amerika Ibiganiro byatanzwe mu 2025 binagaragaza ishoramari mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi.

Izi ntambwe, nubwo zitera inkunga, ntabwo zihagije kugira ngo zihagarike icyuho cy’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho mu 2030. Abakora ibicuruzwa bagiye bitonda cyane ku ishoramari rishya kugeza ubu, hamwe amateka y'iterambere ry'ubukungu n'imigendekere y'ibikorwa by'iterambere byatumye abayobozi bibaza niba icyifuzo kizakomeza. Byongeye kandi, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zigomba guhangana n'ibibazo by'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bijyanye n'ibikoresho, ubushobozi bw'abakozi, n'amasoko y'ibikoresho:

• Ibikoresho byinjizwa: Ishoramari riherutse kwibanda ku guteranya ibikoresho bya grid ariko ntacyo bikora cyane mu gukemura ikibazo cy’ubushobozi cyangwa ibyo ibyuma byihariye, umuringa, na aluminiyumu bikoresha. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zifite ubushobozi buke bwo gutunganya umuringa mu gihugu hamwe n’abacuruzi babiri gusa bacuruza ingano n’ibyuma by’amashanyarazi bidakoresha ingano (GOES na NOES), ndetse n’umucuruzi umwe gusa w’icyuma kidahinduka mu gihugu, ikindi cyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi gifite imiterere myiza y’ibikoresho.
• Abakozi: Raporo y'abakora ibikoresho bya grid ibibazo byo gushaka no kubungabunga abakozi bafite ubumenyi, avuga ko ibura ry'abakozi mu bya tekiniki ari imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye mu kwagura ubushobozi.
• Gutanga serivisi z'amashanyarazi: Amasosiyete y'itumanaho afite imiterere yihariye ya transfoma ifite ingano n'amashanyarazi bitandukanye kugira ngo ifashe abakiriya. Uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'amashusho (urugero, hejuru y'aho Ubwoko 80.000 bwa transfoma) bibangamira ubushobozi bw'inganda mu kwagura umusaruro no kubaka ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa mu mishinga. Uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko y'ibigo bitanga serivisi zijyanye n'ibikorwa remezo abatanga serivisi bakunda bishobora kandi kugora abakora ibicuruzwa bishya kubona ibyangombwa.

Kubera iyo mpamvu, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ziracyafite umusaruro muke. Umusaruro uhari ntabwo uhendutse ugereranije n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga bitewe n’ibiciro by’ibikoresho n’abakozi biri hejuru, ndetse n’ubuhanga butuma ubukungu bw’igihugu bugabanuka. Urugero, transfoma zikorerwa mu gihugu zigereranywa ko ari 10%–25% bihenze kurusha transfoma zitumizwa mu mahanga. Ingamba za politiki zigamije iterambere, zaganiriweho mu gice gikurikira, zishobora gufasha kubaka ubushobozi, kunoza imikoranire, no kugabanya ikiguzi.

Hatabayeho ingamba za politiki, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zizagorwa no guhaza ibyifuzo by'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, bigateza ibibazo bikomeye ku buryo bw'amashanyarazi n'ubukungu. Ku bw'amahirwe, hari ibisubizo bitandukanye bishobora gushimangira imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi muri Amerika, kandi abashyiraho politiki ba leta batangiye kubyitabira.

Muri Mutarama 2026, ibiro by'amashanyarazi bya Minisiteri y'Ingufu (DOE) byatanzwe Miliyoni 375 z'amadolari kunoza uburyo bwo gutanga ibikoresho mu gihugu ku byuma bihindura amashanyarazi n'ibindi bikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Mu nyandiko yo muri Mata 2026 yashyikirije DOE, Guverinoma ya Trump yafashe icyemezo gishingiye ku Itegeko ry'Umusaruro w'Ubwunganizi (DPA) kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gutanga serivisi mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi imbere mu gihugu, bivugwa ko ari "ifite imbogamizi zikomeye." DPA yemerera ibikoresho bitandukanye birimo kugura, amasezerano yo kugura, n'inkunga y'amafaranga yo gutanga umusaruro, nubwo inkunga yo gushyira mu bikorwa izashingira ku bikorwa by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu gihe kizaza.

Dore ibisubizo bya politiki DOE ishobora gusuzuma mu gihe ikigo gishyira inkunga nshya y’uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi mu gukoresha no gushyira mu bikorwa DPA, ndetse n’ingamba zindi Kongere ishobora gufata kugira ngo ikemure iki kibazo. Ingamba za politiki zigizwe mu bice bitatu: (1) koroshya ibibazo by’igihe gito, (2) kwagura ubushobozi bw’imbere mu gihugu, na (3) guteza imbere udushya. Nubwo inyungu z’izi ngamba zizagaragara mu bihe bitandukanye, abashyiraho politiki bagomba gusuzuma ingamba mu bice byose uko ari bitatu.

Ingamba zo kugabanya ibibazo by'uruhererekane rw'amashanyarazi mu gihe cya vuba

Mu gihe cya vuba aha, abashyiraho politiki bagomba kwibanda ku kunoza ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi buriho, gukorana n'ibihugu bifitanye isano, kongera umusaruro mu nganda zisanzweho, no kunoza imikoranire mu nganda. Bifashijwe n'imisoro iherutse, DOE ishobora gushyira mu bikorwa inama nyinshi zikurikira. Ingendo y'imisoro ya FY27 ishobora gutanga inkunga yiyongereye yo kugabanya ibibazo by'ingorabahizi mu gihe cya vuba, mu gihe kongera kwemererwa Itegeko ry'Ingufu ryo mu 2020 itanga amahirwe yo kwandika gahunda y'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bya DOE.

• Teza imbere uburyo bushya bwo gushakira hamwe grid. Hari byinshi ibisubizo by'igihe gito bishobora gufasha ibigo by’imari n’amasosiyete gukoresha neza ibikorwa remezo bihari kugira ngo bitinde kugura ibikoresho bishya byo kohereza no gukwirakwiza ibikoresho. Ibi birimo inganda zitanga amashanyarazi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kohereza amakuru, ubworoherane mu byo umuntu asaba, kandi kongera ingufu mu buryo busukuyeAbashyiraho politiki ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bagomba kwibanda ku bisubizo byo kugabanya inzitizi mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iyi politiki no gutekereza ku bikorwa bijyana no kunoza amashanyarazi ahendutse.
• Gukomeza ubufatanye n'ibihugu bifitanye isano. Bashingiye ku murongo wa Amerika n'Ubuyapani, abashyiraho politiki bashobora gushyira ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi mu masezerano y'ubucuruzi kugira ngo bafashe mu kubona serivisi zo kubitanga mu gihe cya vuba. Nubwo hari ubukene ku isi, bimwe mu bihugu byihariye byagize ubushobozi bwo gukora ibindi, kandi DOE ishobora kugira uruhare mu koroshya umubano mushya w’abatanga serivisi kugira ngo ifashe mu kubaka icyizere hagati y’ibigo by’ubucuruzi n’inganda mpuzamahanga zitari ku rutonde rw’abatanga serivisi bakunda.
• Kongera umusaruro usanzwe. Kongera umusaruro mu nganda zisanzwe zikora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bishobora kugabanya ikibazo cy’ibura ry’ibikoresho vuba kurusha ishoramari rikorerwa mu turere dutandukanye. Abakora ibikoresho bashobora kongera ibiciro, bagashora imari mu bikorwa byo gutanga umusaruro, kandi bakagura umurongo w’ibikorwa. Niba ikibazo cy’ishoramari, abakozi, cyangwa ubusabe bw’abakozi kigikomeje kuba imbogamizi mu kwaguka, DOE ishobora gutanga inkunga binyuze mu kongera inguzanyo, guteza imbere abakozi, cyangwa guhuza ibikorwa byo kongera ishoramari.
• Kongera ubufatanye mu nganda. DOE ishobora gukoresha ububasha bwayo bwo gukusanya no guhuza abakora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi, ibigo by’ubucuruzi n’abandi bakiriya b’inganda kugira ngo bongere ubumenyi ku ngaruka z’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa no gufasha mu gukemura ibibazo. Inama za DOE, cyangwa inama nshya yo kongera kubyutsa ikipe y'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho by'ingwe, byakorohereza amasezerano yo gusangira hagati y’ibigo by’ubucuruzi bifite ububiko bw’ibikoresho kugira ngo bikemure ibibazo by’igihe gito. Amateraniro ashobora kandi gufasha inganda guhuza ingano y’ibikoresho mu gihe kirekire, gushyiraho imiterere isanzwe, no gukorana mu guteza imbere abakozi kugira ngo abakora ibicuruzwa babone icyizere cyo gushora imari mu bushobozi bushya.
• Irinde ibikoresho by'ingenzi byinjizwa. Ubuyobozi bushobora gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya ryashyizweho Icyumba cy'umushinga, ububiko bushingiye kuri EXIM, kugira ngo byorohereze ibibazo byo kuboneka kw'ibikoresho n'amasoko y'ibicuruzwa bihindagurika ku byuma byihariye n'ibindi bikoresho by'ingenzi.

Ingamba zo kwagura umusaruro w'imbere mu gihugu w'ibice by'ingenzi by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi

Inyubako za Greenfield zishobora gufata imyaka myinshi kugira ngo zigere ku musaruro wuzuye, ariko gukora iri shoramari muri iki gihe ni ingenzi kugira ngo imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ya Amerika ikomeze gutuza no gukura, kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho mu gihe kizaza, no kubyaza umusaruro amahirwe y'ubukungu y'inganda zo mu gihugu. Abashyiraho politiki bagomba gusuzuma ingamba zikurikira kugira ngo bashishikarize ishoramari rishya mu bushobozi bw'inganda, bashyire imbere ibice by'uruhererekane rw'amashanyarazi n'ibikoresho biri mu kaga gakomeye.

• Kwagura inkunga y'imisoro mu ngandaInteko Ishinga Amategeko ishobora kwagura imisoro y’inganda zigezweho zikora mu nganda no mu ishoramari ku ruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bicuruzwa mu buryo bugezweho. Inkunga y’imisoro yafasha kuziba icyuho cy’ikiguzi cy’umusaruro uva mu bicuruzwa biva hanze no kongera ishoramari mu bushobozi bushya bwo gukora mu nganda binyuze mu kongera inyungu z’imishinga. Inkunga y’imisoro ku ruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bicuruzwa mu nganda zigomba gutegurwa kugira ngo ishyigikire ibikoresho byakozwe mu buryo bwa tekiniki n’ibicuruzwa byarangiye, harimo n’ibice by’ibisekuruza bishya. Uburyo bumwe bwaba ari ugushyiraho inguzanyo y’ishoramari ku nganda nshya zikora (urugero, gushyira amafaranga muri gahunda ya 48C ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda bisanzwe byujuje ibisabwa), mu gihe hatangwa inguzanyo y’imisoro ku musaruro ku bikoresho n’ibice (urugero, kongeramo uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho bicuruzwa mu nganda ku 45XIyi miterere yatuma ishoramari mu bushobozi bushya bwo gukora mu nganda, mu gihe hakemurwa imbogamizi z'ibikoresho fatizo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
• Menya neza ko ushobora kubona igishoro giciriritseGahunda z'inguzanyo za leta zishobora gutanga igishoro gihendutse kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera no kunoza ipiganwa. Urugero, DOE's Gahunda yo Gutanga Inkunga ku Ingufu ishobora gutanga inguzanyo zihendutse n'ingwate z'inguzanyo zo gukora ibikoresho n'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, DPA Title III ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutera inkunga iyubakwa cyangwa kwagurwa kw'inganda binyuze mu nkunga, inguzanyo, n'ingwate z'inguzanyo kugira ngo ibicuruzwa biba bike kandi bifite akamaro mu kurinda igihugu no mu mutekano w'ingufu. Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ishobora gushyigikira ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi binyuze mu kongera kwemerera DPA no gutanga amafaranga mu Kigega cya DPA.
• Gukemura inzitizi zidasaba ikiguzi ku musaruro. Uretse inguzanyo n'inguzanyo ku misoro, abashyiraho politiki bagomba gukemura izindi mbogamizi ku musaruro, nko kuboneka kw'abakozi, urwego rwo hejuru rwo guhindura ibintu, no kudasobanukirwa neza ibyo bakeneye. DOE ishobora gufatanya n'abikorera ku giti cyabo mu guteza imbere abakozi no gushyiraho ibikoresho bihamye no gutekereza koroshya imihigo yo guhuza ingano y'ibigo n'inganda. Ku rugero kudasobanukirwa neza ibyo bakeneye bibangamira ishoramari rishya mu nganda, guverinoma y'igihugu ishobora kwinjira nk'umuguzi cyangwa umuguzi w'inyongera, ikoresheje inzego za DPA cyangwa izindi nzego za DOE mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukora ibintu. ububiko bw'imashini zihindura amakuru mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga (virtual strategic transformer reservation), bifasha mu kunoza iterambere no guteza imbere imikorere y’ibikoresho. Kugira ngo hongerwe ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’inganda, guverinoma y’igihugu ishobora kandi gusuzuma gahunda zo gushishikariza tekiniki zigezweho zo gukora na guteza imbere ihuriza hamwe ry'inganda bishyira imbere ubushobozi bw'ubukungu bw'uturere n'imbaraga z'inganda.

Ingamba zo guteza imbere udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi

Ibikoresho bya grid birimo guhinduka vuba, hamwe n' ikoranabuhanga ry'iki gihe gitaha riri kuzamuka kuva kuri LPTs nshya na sitasiyo za leta zikomeye kugeza kuri HVDC transmission na conductors zikora neza. Amasosiyete menshi akorera muri Amerika arimo kubaka ibikoresho bya grid byongera imikorere, bikarinda imbogamizi z'ibikoresho fatizo, kandi bifite imiterere ihindagurika kandi ishoboka gukorana. Abashyiraho politiki bashobora gufasha guteza imbere no gucuruza ibi bishya muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

• Shyira imari mu bushakashatsi, iterambere, n'icyitegererezo (RD&D) ku miyoboro y'amashanyaraziDOE, ku bufatanye na sisitemu y'igihugu ya Laboratwari, ishobora gufasha abikorera ku giti cyabo mu guteza imbere no kugerageza ibice by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi rw'igihe gitaha binyuze muri gahunda nka Ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira transformer n'ibice bigezweho, Ubushakashatsi ku guhanga udushya mu bucuruzi buto, Gukwirakwiza ikoranabuhanga mu bucuruzi buto, n'ibindi bihembo n'amarushanwa. Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ishobora kandi gutekereza ku gushyiraho andi mafaranga yo gukusanya inkunga mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
• Korohereza abapilote gukoresha amashanyaraziDOE ishobora kwihutisha ikoreshwa ry'ibice bigezweho by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi binyuze mu gutera inkunga gahunda z'igerageza n'iz'ibyerekanwa hamwe n'ibigo bitanga serivisi zo kugabanya ibyago byo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, byubakwa kuva mu bihe bya vuba aha. Gahunda zo guhanga udushya ku rubuga rwa interineti.
• Shyigikira ubucuruzi bwa mbereKugira ngo dushyigikire ikorwa ry’ibice by’urusobe rw’amashanyarazi mu ntera ibanza, DOE ishobora kwagura uburyo bwo kugera ku mirongo y’igerageza ry’ibikorwa n’inganda zikora mu buryo bw’icyitegererezo binyuze muri gahunda nka ARPA-E SCALEUP cyangwa Ikigega cy'ubucuruzi bw'ikoranabuhanga.

Gukomeza uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho bya grid byatanga amahirwe yo kwiyongera k'ubukungu mu bihugu no mu turere twose tw'igihugu. Urugero, isesengura riherutse gukorwa muri Kaliforuniya basanze umusaruro uramutse uhuye na 30% by'ibikenewe mu bikoresho by'amashanyarazi, byatanga imirimo ihoraho igera ku 12.000 y'igihe cyose. Kugira ngo uturere twabo dushyirwe mu mwanya wo gukurura ishoramari mu nganda, abashinzwe politiki za leta n'uturere ndetse n'abayobozi b'iterambere ry'ubukungu bashobora gukora ibi bikurikira:

• Shyira ku ikarita aho inganda zo mu karere kabo zihurira n'uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye by'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi. Iyi myitozo yubaka urwego rwo hejuru rw'icyitegererezo ku bwoko bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga, haba mu ikoranabuhanga no mu miyoboro y'ibikoresho, bihuye cyane n'imbaraga z'abakozi bo mu karere. Urugero, amatsinda y'inganda zikora transformer akunze kuba hamwe n'inganda zikora amavuta. Ibi bishobora kuba bigaragaza ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe mu miyoboro y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu mashini zisanzwe zikoresha ingufu nini.
• Koroshya iterambere rya gahunda zigenewe amahugurwa y'abakozi. Nk'abandi benshi bakura vuba amashanyarazi n'inganda mu nzego, abakora ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bavuga ko hari imbogamizi zikomeje kubaho mu kubona abakozi ba tekiniki b'abahanga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakora ibikoresho bafite gahunda z'abakozi zishingiye ku buryo bworoshye zatanzwe nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi mu guhitamo aho imishinga mishya iherereye mu gihugu. Gahunda ziyoboye mu guteza imbere abakozi mu gihugu hakurya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba Ni bimwe mu byatumye leta nka Carolina y'Amajyaruguru, Carolina y'Epfo, Tennessee, na Virijiniya ziyobora mu gukurura ishoramari mu nganda zikora uruganda rw'amashanyarazi mu myaka icumi ishize. Gahunda zijyanye no guteza imbere abakozi kandi zigenda zihinduka zemerera leta guhatana ku bwoko bw'imishinga ishobora guteza imbere amatsinda mashya y'inganda.

Imurikagurisha rya 8

Ubu ni cyo gihe cyo gushimangira imiyoboro y'ingufu muri Amerika